Chapter 3 Nationalism in India

KEY CONCEPTS

Nationalism in India developed in the colonial context. Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India from Africa in 1915. Under his leadership several mass movements were organized.

The First World War, Khilafat and Non Cooperation

War and its effects: Huge increase in defences expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Through the years the prices increased doubling between 1913- 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

Gandhiji and Satyagraha: Champaran in Bihar (1917) Kheda in Gujarat (1918). In 1919 nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett Act was launched by Gandhi. 13th April and Jallianwalla Bagh massacre world war I and Khilafat issued, At the Congress session t Nagpur in Dec 1920, a compromise was worked out and Non-cooperation programme was adopted. Movements in towns, Rebellion in country side

Towards civil Disobedience

Swaraj Party was founded by CR Das and Moti Lal Nehru for return to council Politics.

Simon commission and boycott

Lahore congress and demand for purna swaraj

Dandi march and the civil Disobedience movements

Governments repressive policy

Gandhi Irwin Pact and failure of round table conference.

Re-launching of movements

Who participated in the movements?

The rich peasant communities the poor peasantry the industrial workers in Nagpur and a large scale participation of women took active part in the movement.

Limits of the movements less participation by untouchables

Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact.

The sense of collective belonging?

This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore and songs. 2. Identity of India and Bharat Mata.

MAP

1. Indian National Congress Sessions

a. Calcutta (Sep. 1920) :- President:- Lala Lajpat Rai

b. Nagpur (Dec. 1920) President:- C Vijayaraghavachariar

c. Madras (1927) President:- M.A. Ansari

2. Important centers of Indian National Movement

a. Champaran (Bihar) – Movement of Indigo Planters

b. Kheda (Gujarat) – Peasant Satyagrah

c. Ahmedabad (Gujarat) – Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha

d. Amritsar (Punjab) – Jallianwala Bagh Incident

e. Chauri Chaura (U.P.) – Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement f. Dandi (Gujarat) – Civil Disobedience Movement

NCERT SOLUTIONS

Question 1:
Explain: (a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.

Answer:- Colonization affected people’s freedom, and nationalist sentiments surged during the process of struggle against imperial domination. The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people from different walks of life, and this resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals. Thus, growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to anti-colonial movements.

(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.

Answer:- During the First World War, the British army conducted forced recruitment from rural areas in India. To finance the defense expenditure, high custom duties and income taxes were imposed. Also, during 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, thereby resulting in acute food shortages. All this caused extensive anger and opposition against the British colonial rule, and the national movement of India headed towards a stronger, more definitive direction.

(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.

Answer:- he Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition from Indian members. It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years. The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity.

(d) Why Gandhi ji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Answer:- Gandhi ji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses, especially the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 where the people clashed with the police, setting a police-station on fire. Gandhi ji felt that the people were not yet ready for a mass struggle, and that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained for non-violent demonstrations.

Question 2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

Answer:- The idea of satyagraha implies a unique method of mass agitation that emphasises the power of truth, and the need to search for truth. It upholds the belief that if the cause is true and the fight is against injustice, then there is no need for physical force or coercion against the oppressor. Satyagraha is synonymous with non-violent agitation, where an appeal is made to the oppressor’s conscience to search for justice. Gandhi ji believed that this dharma of non-violence could be the cause of national unity and harmony

Question 3. Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission

Answer:- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre– facts-on 13 April,1919, General Dyer blocked the exit points from the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh where a large crowd had gathered—some to protest against the British government’s repressive measures, others to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Dyer’s objective was to “produce a moral effect” and terrorise satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people including women and children were killed on this day in the indiscriminate firing by British soldiers. This led to large scale strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings by the enraged Indian people.

The Simon Commission – facts – it arrived in India in 1928 and faced protest slogans of “Go Back Simon”. It was because this body was to suggest constitutional changes in Indian governance, but it did not have any Indian members. The Congress and the Muslim League jointly demonstrated against it. Lord Irwin announced a vague “dominion status” for India to quell the movement, leading to a Round Table Conference in October, 1929.

Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Answer:- The image of Bharat Mata as painted by Abanindranath Tagore shows her as bestowing learning, food and clothing. She bears aesthetic quality as denoted by the mala held by her. This is similar to the image of Germania as painted by Philip Veit, where she holds a sword, but looks more feminine. The other painting of Bharat Mata is more manly in its representation. In it, she is shown as bearing power and authority as denoted by the lion and elephant beside her. The latter image is more akin to the image of Germania by Lorenz Clasen, where she wields a sword and shield, and looks ready to fight.

DISCUSSION

Question 1: List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Answer:- The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers. Peasants, tribals and workers joined the movement from the countryside. They did so with hopes of self-emancipation. Peasants rebelled against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and also forced them to do begar or free labour. Tribal peasants revolted against the enclosure of large forest tracts by the British government, which left them devoid of a livelihood as well as traditional rights. Plantation workers, on the other hand, desired freedom to move about and retain links with the villages they came from. All three believed that Gandhi Raj would come with the Non-Cooperation Movement, and this would mark an end to their sorrows. Hence, they joined the anti-colonial struggle.

Question 2: Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism

Answer:- The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commodity—salt, used by the rich and the poor alike. The tax on salt, and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative move. The Salt March was effective also because Gandhi ji met a large number of commoners during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj and non-violence. By peacefully defying a law and making salt against government orders, Gandhi ji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be confronted in a non-violent manner. This also led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Question 3: Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

Answer:- A woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement—facts—salt manufactured; foreign cloth boycotted; liquor shops picketed; peaceful satyagrahis attacked, including women and children; brutal repression, many women went to jail as well; mostly from high castes and rich families; saw national service as a sacred duty

Question 4: Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Answer:- Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhi ji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1: What were the effects of non-cooperation on the economic front?

Answer 1: Foreign goods were boycotted, Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire many traders refused to import foreign cloth the import of foreign cloth reached to half.

Question 2: What were the causes for the gradual slowing down of the Non- cooperation movement in the cities?

Answer 2: Khadi was more expensive than the mill produced cloth and the poor could not afford it.

British institutions were boycotted but the process of establishing Indian institutions was slow so the students and teachers started joining the British institution again.

Question 3: Describe the main events leading to civil disobedience.

Answer 3: Worldwide economic depression

Simon commission was constituted in 1929 and no Indian member was appointed.

Lord Irwin announced that Dominion State would be granted to India.

At the Lahore congress session resolution for purna swaraj was passed.

Question 4: What did freedom mean to Plantation workers in Assam?

Answer 4: Right to move freely in and out of their enclosures.

Retaining link with their villages

They were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission which they wanted

Question 5: What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?

Answer 5: Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number.

They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.

Many women went to jails

In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty

Question 6: Explain the problems faced in unifying people.

Answer 6: All credits of glorious past were attributed to the Aryans and their contributions therefore it became difficult to bring all communities on a single platform.

Question 7: Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure?

Answer 7: It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.

With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1: What was the outcome of the Poona pact? How did it benefit the dalits?

Answer 1: The Poona pact of sept. 1932 gave the depressed classes reserved seat in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question 2: Explain the differences that emerged the congress and the Muslim league on Political issues.

Answer 2: The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim league was willing to give up that demand for separate electorates if Muslim were given reserved seats in the central assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim dominated provinces.

Question 3: How did Mahatma Gandhi organize Satyagraha in various places in India ?

Answer 3: In 1917 he traveled in champaran ran, Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against oppressive plantation system.

In 1919 he organized Satyagraha to support peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.

In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organize this movement amongst cotton mill workers.

In 1919 he launched Satyagraha against Rowlatt act

Question 4: Explain the factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in the later half of the 19th century.

Answer 4: Economic exploitation

Administrative and economic unification of the country.

Western education’

Questions for Practice

Question 1: What do you know about peasants movement in Awash? Explain

Question 2: What do you know about Gandhi Irwin pact?

Question 3: What was Khilafat movement?

Question 4: What do you know about Alluri Sitaram Raju

Question 5: What were the causes of withdrawal of non co operation movement?

Question 6: Explain the impact of the Jalliawala incidents on the people

Question 7: How could the non co-operation become a movement? Explain

Question 8: How was civil disobedience movement was different from Non-cooperation movement?

Objective Questions (MCQs)

Question 1: Which of the following in true with reference of Satyagraha?

(A) It emphasized the muscle power

(B) It emphasized the Power of truth

(C) Gandhiji successfully fought the racist regime of South Africa with the novel method.

(a) Only A is true

(b) Only B is true

(d) Both B and C are true

Question 2: At which place congress session of September 1920 held.

(a) Nagpur (b) Calcutta

Question 3: Who was the leader of the Peasant Movements of Awadh?

(a) Alluri sitaram Raju

(b) Baba Ramchandra

(d) None of the above

Question 4: Under which act the Plantations workers of Assam were not permitted to leave the tea garden?

(a) The Rowlatt Act

(b) Cripps Mission

(d) The Inland Emigration act

Question 5: Name the leaders who founded Swaraj Party?

(a) CR Das and Motilal Nehru

(b) CR Das and Jawaharlal Nehru

(d) CR Das and Dr B.R Ambedkar

Question 6: At which of the following place did Gandhiji make salt out of sea water

(a) Ahmedabad

(b) Wardha

(d) Dandi

Question 7: Who wrote ‘Hind Swaraj?

(a) Subhas Chandra Bose

(b) Jawaharlal Lal Nehru

(d) Sardar Patel

Question 8: Which incident forced Gandhiji to halt the Non – cooperation movement?

(a) Jallianwala Bagh massacre

(b) The Rowlett act

(d) Arrest of Alluri Sitaram Rammaya

Question 9: Who among the following led the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar ?

(a) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

(b) Mohamad Ali

(d) None of the above

Question 10: Who first created the image of Bharatmata?

(a) Abanindranath Tagore

(b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

(d) None of the above

ANSWERS

( d ) 2. ( b ) 3. ( b ) 4. ( d ) 5. ( a ) 6. ( d ) 7. ( c ) 8. ( c) 9. ( c ) 10. ( b )

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