REVISION CONCEPTS
• Biodiversity refers to variability.
• The diverse forms of organism need classification.
• The evolutionary history decides the phylogenetic classification.
• H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdom system of classification
• A distinct name is a need for identification.
• Common names are unscientific.
• Binomial nomenclature is scientific naming of organisms.
• Taxonomic hierarchy is the framework of classification which helps in appropriate placing of organisms.
1. Monera: • These are prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic or heterotropic organisms.
2. Protista: • These are unicellular and eukaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms.
• They are further classified as protistan algae, slimemoulds, and protozoa.
3. Fungi: • Multicellular and eukaryotic organisms having plant like and animal like features. They may be parasitic or saprophytic.
4. Plantae: • These are multicellular, eukaryotic and autotrophic organisms. They are further classified.
• Thallophyta – Thallus like body, mostly autotrophic and aquatic.
• Bryophyta – Simple plants with no vascular system. They are amphibious.
• Pteridophytes – They are land plants with true vascular system.
• Gymnosperms – They are land plants bearing naked seeds.
• Angiosperms – They are flowering plants with seeds covered by fruits.
5. Animalia: • These are multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic organisms. They are further classified.
• Porifera – Pore bearing organisms. • Coelenterata – Organisms with hollow gut.
• Platyhelminthes – unsegmented flat worms. • Nematoda – Unsegmented round worms.
• Annelida – Metamerically segmented worms. • Arthropoda – These are animals with jointed appendages.
• Mollusca – Soft bodied animals. • Echinodermata – Spiny skinned animals.
• Chordata – Dorsal nerve cord, notochord and gill slits
NCERT SOLUTIONS (By Concept Academy)
NCERT TEXTBOOK PAGE 80
Q1. Why do we classify organisms?
Ans. For easier and convenient study we classify organisms.
Q2. Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.
Ans. (a) Small cat and big cow, (b) Grass and banyan tree, (c) Black crow and green parrot
NCERT TEXTBOOK PAGE 82
Q1. Which do you think is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?
(a) the place where they live. (b) the kind of cells they are made of Why?
Ans. Classification based on living place is more basic as there can be wide variations in organisms living in a given place.
Q2. What is the primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made?
Ans. Nature of cell is the primary characteristics on which the first division of organisms is decided. Based on this critefion life forms can be classified into prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Q3. On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?
Ans. Mode of nutrition and presence or absence of cell walls.
NCERT TEXTBOOK PAGE 83
Q1. Which organisms are called primitive and how are they different from the so-called advanced organisms?
Ans. Organisms with simple cellular stracture and no division of labour are called primitive. Advanced organisms, like mammals have millions of cells and there are system for different biological functions.
Q2. Will advanced organisms be the same as complex organisms? Why?
Ans. Yes, advanced organisms means greater degree of evolution which leads to more complexity.
NCERT TEXTBOOK PAGE 85
Q1. What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Monera or Protista?
Ans. It is the presence or absence of a well defined nucleus. Monera has no nuclear membrane, while Protista shows well defined nucleus.
Q2. In which kingdom will you place an organism which is single-celled, e,ckaryotic and photosynthetic?
Ans. Protista.
Q3. In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common and which will have the largest number of organisms?
Ans. Organisms belonging to Kingdom Monera will have the small number of organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common. And kingdom Animalia will have the largest number of organisms.
NCERT TEXTBOOK PAGE 88
Q1. Which division among plants has the simplest organisms?
Ans. Thallophyta or algae.
Q2. How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams?
Ans. Pteridophytes have naked embryo and inconspicuous reproductive organ whereas phanerogams have well-differentiated reproductive organs and covered embryo.
Q3. How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ from each other?
Ans. Seeds are naked in Gymnosperms and are covered in angiosperms.